The ECETOC approach to targeted risk assessment; lessons and experiences relevant to REACH.

2026

A weight of evidence evaluation on the immunosuppressive potential of xylene

Keith Morris-Schaffer, Neslihan Aygun Kocabas, Sara Hearon, Larry G. Higgins, Sarah Dahlberg, Frank Faulhammer, Elaine Freeman, Janine Cubello, Martijn Rooseboom

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 169, Article 106082 (2026).

2026

Statistical and experimental approaches to discriminate between substance-specific reproductive effects and those mediated by maternal undernutrition – A case study with Rosin and derivatives

Theo Le Godec, Larry G. Higgins, Michael G. Penman, Michael McMahon.

Reproductive Toxicology, 143, Article 109261 (2026).

2026

Toxicokinetic and Partial Mass Balance Assessment of 14C-Alpha Olefins in Rats

Quan Shi, Jamie Dunn, Juan-Carlos Carrillo, Michael G. Penman, Robert H. Powrie, Corinne Haines, Hua Shen, Yuan Tian, Sophie Jia, Fabienne Hubert, Peter J. Boogaard

Journal of Xenobiotics, 16(1), Article 26 (2026)

2025

A weight of evidence review on the mode of action, adversity, and the human relevance of xylene’s observed thyroid effects in rats.

Keith Morris-Schaffer, Larry Higgins, Neslihan Aygun Kocabas, Frank Faulhammer, Alexandra Cordova, Elaine Freeman, Hennicke Kamp, Muna Nahar, Emily Richmond, Martijn Rooseboom

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 55(1), 1–26 (2025).

2025

Prenatal developmental toxicity evaluation of higher olefins in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Quan Shi, Michael G. Penman, Juan-Carlos Carrillo, Jamie Dunn, Hua Shen, Sophie Jia, An R. Van Rompay, Fabienne Hubert, Peter J. Boogaard

Reproductive Toxicology, Volume 132, Article 108756 (2025).

2024

The short-term toxicity and metabolome of Benzene.

F Faulhammer, B van Ravenzwaay, AR Schnatter, M Rooseboom, H Kamp, B Flick, V Giri, S Sperber, LG Higgins, MG Penman, N Kocabas

Toxicology Letters, 400, 58–70 (2024).

2024

The short-term toxicity and metabolome of Dicyclopentadiene.

Bennard van Ravenzwaay, Neslihan Aygun Kocabas, Frank Faulhammer, Burkhard Flick, Varun Giri, Saskia Sperber, Michael G Penman, Larry G. Higgins, Hennicke Kamp, Martijn Rooseboom

Toxicology Letters, 393, 57–68 (2024).

2024

Toxicological Assessment of Higher Olefins in OECD TG 422 Repeated Dose and Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Tests in Han Wistar Rats.

Quan Shi, Juan-Carlos Carrillo, Michael G Penman, Hua Shen, Colin M North, Sophie Jia, Tilly Borsboom-Patel, Yuan Tian, Fabienne Hubert, Jason C Manton, Peter J Boogaard.

International Journal of Toxicology, 43(3), 301–326 (2024).

2024

Utility of in vivo metabolomics to support read-across for UVCB substances under REACH.

H. Kamp, N. Aygun Kocabas, F. Faulhammer, N. Synhaeve, E. Rushton, B. Flick, V. Giri, S. Sperber, L. G. Higgins, M. G. Penman, B. van Ravenzwaay, M. Rooseboom

Archives of Toxicology, 98(3), 755–768 (2024).

2024

Xylene: weight of evidence approach case study to determine the need for an extended one generation reproductive study with a developmental neurotoxicity animal cohort.

Frank Faulhammer, Martijn Rooseboom, Neslihan Aygun Kocabas, Josje H. E. Arts, Alexandra Cordova, Elaine Freeman, Larry G. Higgins, Muna Nahar, Emily Richmond, Steffen Schneider, Keith Morris-Schaffer

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 54(10), 925–952 (2024)

2023

Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeled toluene blood concentration in the assessment of short term exposure limits.

C.M. North, M. Rooseboom, N.A. Kocabas, N. Synhaeve, R.J. Radcliffe, L. Segal.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 140, Article 105380 (2023).

2023

Recommendation for an occupational exposure limit for toluene.

M. Rooseboom, N.A. Kocabas, C. North, R.J. Radcliffe, L. Segal

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 141, Article 105387 (2023).

2022

Assessment of the Intestinal Absorption of Higher Olefins by the Everted Gut Sac Model in Combination with In Silico New Approach Methodologies

Quan Shi, Juan-Carlos Carrillo, Michael G. Penman, Jason Manton, Elena Fioravanzo, Robert H. Powrie, Clifford R. Elcombe, Tilly Borsboom-Patel, Yuan Tian, Hua Shen, and Peter J. Boogaard, 2022.

Chemical Research in Toxicology, Volume 35(8), 1383–1392 (2022).

2021

Comparison of the predictive nature of the genomic allergen rapid detection (GARD) assay with mammalian assays in determining the skin sensitisation potential of agrochemical active ingredients.

William Masinja, Claire Elliott, Sandeep Modi, Steven J. Enoch, Mark T.D. Cronin, Elizabeth F. McInnes, Richard A. Currie.

Toxicology in Vitro, 70, Article 105017 (2021).

2021

Increasing confidence in waiving dermal toxicity studies: A comparison of oral and dermal acute data with alternative approaches for agrochemicals and products.

Sophie van der Kamp, Claire Elliott.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 121, Article 104865 (2021).

2021

Key event-informed risk models for benzene-induced acute myeloid leukaemia.

Colin M. North, A. Robert Schnatter, Martijn Rooseboom, Neslihan Aygun, Kocabas, Abigail Dalzell, Stephen D. Williams.

Toxicology Letters, Volume 340, 141–152 (2021).

2020

Derivation of an occupational exposure limit for benzene using epidemiological study quality assessment tools.

A.R. Schnatter, M. Rooseboom, N.A. Kocabas, C.M. North, A. Dalzell, J. Twisk, F. Faulhammer, E. Rushton, P.J. Boogaard, V. Ostapenkaite, S.D. Williams.

Toxicology Letters, 334, 117–144 (2020).

2020

Evaluation of repeated dose and reproductive / developmental toxicity of 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid, 1-butyl 2 (phenylmethyl) ester (P1400) in the rat.

Segal, L., Garcia, S., Canut, L.,Diaram, S., David, R., Xu, J., and Penman, M.

The Toxicologist (Supplement to Toxicological Sciences), 168(1), Abstract 1540 (2019).

2020

Modes of action considerations in threshold expectations for health effects of benzene. Toxicology Letters 334, 78–86.

North, C.M., Rooseboom, M., Kocabas, N.A., Schnatter, A.R., Faulhammer, F., Williams, S.D.

Toxicology Letters, 334, 78–86 (2020).

2020

The effectiveness of Virkon® S disinfectant against an invasive insect and implications for Antarctic biosecurity practices.

Jesamine C. Bartlett, Richard James Radcliffe, Pete Convey, Kevin A. Hughes, Scott A.L. Hayward.

Antarctic Science, 33(1), 1–9 (2021).

2018

Evaluation of the systemic toxicity and mutagenicity of OLIGOPIN®, procyanidolic oligomers (OPC) extracted from French Maritime Pine Bark Extract.

L. Segal, M. Penman, Y. Piriou.

Toxicology Reports, 5, 531–541 (2018).

2018

Investigation of the potential non-genotoxic mode of action for 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE)-induced mammary tumors in female rats.

D.R. Boverhof, J.A. Hotchkiss, M.J. LeBaron, L.M. Segal, C. Howick

Toxicology Letters, 295(Suppl. 1), S150–S151 (Poster P11-06) (2018).

2018

Signal management in pharmacovigilance and human risk assessment of CpG 7909, integrating embryo-fetal and post-natal developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits.

F. Delannois, C. Planty, G. Giordano, E. Destexhe, D. Stanislaus, F.T. Da Silva, J.U. Stegmann, K. Thacker, L. Reynaud, N. Garçon, L. Segal.

Reproductive Toxicology, 75, 110–120 (2018).

2017

Extended OECD 422 screening study for the evaluation of substances with suspected reproductive toxicity and/or endocrine activity.

L. Segal, L. Canut, D. Myers, S. García, M. Blee, J. Butala, M. Penman

Toxicology Letters, 280(Suppl.), S163 (2017).

2017

Intramuscularly administered herpes zoster subunit vaccine has no effects on fertility, pre-and post-natal development in Sprague-Dawley rats.

L. Segal, K. Thacker, M. Fochesato, G. Giordano, N. Garçon, E. Destexhe.

Reproductive Toxicology, 69, 297–307 (2017).

2016

Strategies to address REACH Annex X requirements for developmental toxicity testing in a second mammalian species.

M. Penman, A. Riley, A. Candido, E. Wood, D. Myers, L. Segal.

Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting 2016 – Late-Breaking Abstracts, Abstract 3614 (Poster Board P306) (2016).

2015

A mechanistic approach to read-across & minimising animal testing.

M. Penman, M. Piper.

Speciality Chemicals Magazine, 46–47 (2015).

2015

Olefins and chemical regulation in Europe: REACH.

M. Penman, M. Banton, S. Erler, N. Moore, K. Semmler.

Chemico-Biological Interactions, 241, 59–65 (2015).

2013

A systematic approach for evaluating and scoring human data.

C.D. Money, J.A. Tomenson, M.G. Penman, P.J. Boogaard, R.J. Lewis

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 66(2), 241–247 (2013).

2013

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. OUP Oxford.

L. Bergkamp, M. Penman.

In: The European Union REACH Regulation for Chemicals: Law and Practice (ed. L. Bergkamp), Oxford University Press, 2013. Ch. 17, pp. 410–430.

2013

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice: Introduction.

L. Bergkamp, M. Penman.

In: The European Union REACH Regulation for Chemicals: Law and Practice (ed. L. Bergkamp), Oxford University Press, 2013. Introduction, pp. 1–16.

2013

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. Is REACH achieving its objectives?

B. Hansen, M. Penman.

In: The European Union REACH Regulation for Chemicals: Law and Practice (ed. L. Bergkamp), Oxford University Press, 2013. Ch. 14, pp. 373–389.

2013

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. REACH and strategic decision making.

A. Grosso, M. Crane, M. Penman.

In: The European Union REACH Regulation for Chemicals: Law and Practice (ed. L. Bergkamp), Oxford University Press, 2013. Ch. 5, pp. 173–184.

2013

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. OUP Oxford.

M. Penman, M. Richards.

In: The European Union REACH Regulation for Chemicals: Law and Practice (ed. L. Bergkamp), Oxford University Press, 2013. Ch. 6, pp. 185–201.

The ECETOC approach to targeted risk assessment; lessons and experiences relevant to REACH.

Other publications

A weight of evidence evaluation on the immunosuppressive potential of xylene

Statistical and experimental approaches to discriminate between substance-specific reproductive effects and those mediated by maternal undernutrition – A case study with Rosin and derivatives

Toxicokinetic and Partial Mass Balance Assessment of 14C-Alpha Olefins in Rats

A weight of evidence review on the mode of action, adversity, and the human relevance of xylene’s observed thyroid effects in rats.

Prenatal developmental toxicity evaluation of higher olefins in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The short-term toxicity and metabolome of Benzene.

The short-term toxicity and metabolome of Dicyclopentadiene.

Toxicological Assessment of Higher Olefins in OECD TG 422 Repeated Dose and Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Tests in Han Wistar Rats.

Utility of in vivo metabolomics to support read-across for UVCB substances under REACH.

Xylene: weight of evidence approach case study to determine the need for an extended one generation reproductive study with a developmental neurotoxicity animal cohort.

Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeled toluene blood concentration in the assessment of short term exposure limits.

Recommendation for an occupational exposure limit for toluene.

Assessment of the Intestinal Absorption of Higher Olefins by the Everted Gut Sac Model in Combination with In Silico New Approach Methodologies

Comparison of the predictive nature of the genomic allergen rapid detection (GARD) assay with mammalian assays in determining the skin sensitisation potential of agrochemical active ingredients.

Increasing confidence in waiving dermal toxicity studies: A comparison of oral and dermal acute data with alternative approaches for agrochemicals and products.

Key event-informed risk models for benzene-induced acute myeloid leukaemia.

Derivation of an occupational exposure limit for benzene using epidemiological study quality assessment tools.

Evaluation of repeated dose and reproductive / developmental toxicity of 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid, 1-butyl 2 (phenylmethyl) ester (P1400) in the rat.

Modes of action considerations in threshold expectations for health effects of benzene. Toxicology Letters 334, 78–86.

The effectiveness of Virkon® S disinfectant against an invasive insect and implications for Antarctic biosecurity practices.

Evaluation of the systemic toxicity and mutagenicity of OLIGOPIN®, procyanidolic oligomers (OPC) extracted from French Maritime Pine Bark Extract.

Investigation of the potential non-genotoxic mode of action for 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE)-induced mammary tumors in female rats.

Signal management in pharmacovigilance and human risk assessment of CpG 7909, integrating embryo-fetal and post-natal developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits.

Extended OECD 422 screening study for the evaluation of substances with suspected reproductive toxicity and/or endocrine activity.

Intramuscularly administered herpes zoster subunit vaccine has no effects on fertility, pre-and post-natal development in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Strategies to address REACH Annex X requirements for developmental toxicity testing in a second mammalian species.

A mechanistic approach to read-across & minimising animal testing.

Olefins and chemical regulation in Europe: REACH.

A systematic approach for evaluating and scoring human data.

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. OUP Oxford.

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice: Introduction.

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. Is REACH achieving its objectives?

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. REACH and strategic decision making.

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals: Law and practice. OUP Oxford.